Schematic of biochemical signaling involved in neuron→astrocyte→vessel→neuron coupling.

<p>Schematic of biochemical signaling involved in neuron→astrocyte→vessel→neuron coupling.</p

Neuronal firing pattern observed for various kinds of stimulation pattern.

<p>Neuronal firing pattern observed for various kinds of stimulation pattern.</p

(a) Neuronal membrane potential bound by reversal potential of sodium and potassium channel along with (b) corresponding change in extracellular [EET] and the vessel radius.

<p>(a) Neuronal membrane potential bound by reversal potential of sodium and potassium channel along with (b) corresponding change in extracellular [EET] and the vessel radius.</p

Regimes obtained for various combinations of stimulation current (I_S) and initial [ATP].

<p>(1) Bursting, (2)Transition phase from bursting to firing with initial pause, (3) Firing with initial pause and (4) Continuous firing.</p

(a) Neuronal membrane potential bound by reversal potential of sodium and potassium channel for a stimulation duration of 1 s (black bar) along with (b) corresponding change in extracellular [EET] and vessel radius.

<p>(a) Neuronal membrane potential bound by reversal potential of sodium and potassium channel for a stimulation duration of 1 s (black bar) along with (b) corresponding change in extracellular [EET] and vessel radius.</p

Simulation results depicting variation of (a) Neuronal <i>Ca²</i>

<p> ^<b>+</b><b> concentration along with (b) as reported in </b><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048802#pone.0048802-Lee1" target="_blank">[<b>25</b>]</a><b>.</b></p

Model changes in astrocyte on application of 2 s pulses of glutamate (a) resulting change in <i>EET</i> concentration in extracellular space between astrocyte and smooth muscle cell, in the proposed model. (b) the corresponding result reported by Bennett et al., (2008) [<b>3</b>]. The lowest trace in (b) is comparable with the graph in (a).

<p>Model changes in astrocyte on application of 2 s pulses of glutamate (a) resulting change in <i>EET</i> concentration in extracellular space between astrocyte and smooth muscle cell, in the proposed model. (b) the corresponding result reported by Bennett et al., (2008) <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048802#pone.0048802-Bennett1" target="_blank">[<b>3</b>]</a>. The lowest trace in (b) is comparable with the graph in (a).</p

(a) Neuronal membrane potential bound by reversal potential of sodium and potassium channel along with (b) corresponding change in extracellular [EET] and subsequently the vessel radius.

<p>(a) Neuronal membrane potential bound by reversal potential of sodium and potassium channel along with (b) corresponding change in extracellular [EET] and subsequently the vessel radius.</p

(a) Induced vessel oscillation at 0.2 Hz with vessel dilation for 0.5 s and corresponding (b) change in neuronal membrane potential bound by reversal potential of sodium and potassium channel.

<p>(a) Induced vessel oscillation at 0.2 Hz with vessel dilation for 0.5 s and corresponding (b) change in neuronal membrane potential bound by reversal potential of sodium and potassium channel.</p

Simulation output (a) of membrane potential of neuron along with reversal potential of <i>Na</i>⁺ (E_Na) and <i>K</i>⁺ (E_K) ions when stimulated with a pulse 0.1 mA/cm² current for a duration of 0.2 s (0.2 s–0.4 s). (b) Adapted from [<b>10</b>].

<p>Simulation output (a) of membrane potential of neuron along with reversal potential of <i>Na</i>⁺ (E_Na) and <i>K</i>⁺ (E_K) ions when stimulated with a pulse 0.1 mA/cm² current for a duration of 0.2 s (0.2 s–0.4 s). (b) Adapted from <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0048802#pone.0048802-Kager1" target="_blank">[<b>10</b>]</a>.</p